Potensi Polisakarida (Selulosa, Lignin, Pektin) Sebagai Bahan Baku Alternatif Bio-Based Surfaktan Polimerik
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55606/isaintek.v6i1.62Keywords:
Modifikasi hidrofobik, hidrofilik polisakarida, selulosa, lignin, pektinAbstract
Penggunaan surfaktan polimerik berbasis polisakarida memberikan solusi dalam memanfaatkan sumber daya alam terbarukan dan berkelanjutan sebagai penyusun bagian hidrofilik maupun hidrofobik pada molekul surfaktan. Ulasan ini bertujuan untuk membahas mengenai potensi polisakarida (selulosa, lignin, dan pektin) sebagai bahan baku dalam sintesis surfaktan polimerik untuk aplikasinya di berbagai sistem emulsi dan dispersi pada produk pangan, agrokimia, tekstil, farmasi, perawatan diri dan rumah tangga (personal care and household), serta pertambangan minyak bumi. Pembahasan mencakup mengenai metode kimiawi dan fisik yang dapat digunakan dalam memodifikasi polisakarida secara hidrofobik dan hidrofilik untuk mengubah karakteristiknya menjadi agen aktif permukaan (surfaktan). Hal ini dapat dicapai dengan memperkenalkan substituen yang hidrofobik (senyawa non-polar) maupun hidrofilik (senyawa polar) ke dalam gugus fungsional dari polisakarida (gugus hidroksil alifatik dan gugus fenolik). Surfaktan merupakan molekul yang mempunyai gugus polar dan non-polar. Surfaktan dapat terakumulasi pada permukaan cairan atau antarmuka di antara dua fase yang berbeda (polar dan non-polar) dengan peran dalam menurunkan tegangan permukaan dan antarmuka. Modifikasi hidrofobik pada selulosa dan pektin secara kimiawi dilakukan menggunakan metode esterifikasi, transesterifikasi dan amidasi. Modifikasi hidrofilik lignin secara kimiawi menggunakan metode alkilasi, sulfonasi, oksidasi, fenolasi, serta aminasi. Sedangkan modifikasi hidrofilik lignin dan modifikasi hidrofobik pektin secara fisik dilakukan menggunakan metode iradiasi sinar UV. Adapun modifikasi hidrofobik selulosa secara fisik menggunakan metode iradiasi plasma dingin.
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